Highlights

• Western scientific breakthroughs in rare earth elements and lithium-ion batteries were successfully scaled by China through advanced process optimization.
• China's industrial strategy focuses on manufacturing excellence, automation, and real-time process control rather than initial invention.
• Professor Binnemans warns that innovation alone is insufficient without strategic investment in industrialization and high-quality production.

In a recent post, Professor Koen Binnemans (opens in a new tab), head of the SOLVOMET Group at KU Leuven (opens in a new tab), draws a sharp comparison between China's dominance in the rare earth elements (REE) and lithium-ion battery industries—two sectors that originated from Western innovation but failed to industrialize locally. REE separation via solvent extraction was pioneered in the U.S. and Europe during the 1950s and ’60s by institutions such as Argonne National Laboratory (opens in a new tab), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (opens in a new tab), Thorium Ltd., and Megon. At the same time, Nobel laureate M developed lithium-ion battery technology. Stanley Whittingham, John Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino.

Despite these Western breakthroughs, Binnemans notes that China now leads both sectors, thanks to its unmatched capability in industrial scaling and process optimization.  Points Rare Earth Exchanges (REEx) often make a clarion call for the West to formulate industrial policy.

Professor Binnemans highlights the bankruptcy of Northvolt, a once-promising Swedish battery firm, as symptomatic of Europe’s struggle to translate innovation into sustainable manufacturing success.  The Belgium-based scientist and academic executive emphasizes that China’s edge lies not in invention but in industrial excellence, particularly in process control and automation. These are very important points that many in the West often overlook.

As early as the 1990s, Chinese rare earth element (REE) plants were already integrating X-ray fluorescence (XRF) systems, artificial intelligence (AI), fuzzy logic, and neural networks for real-time separation process optimization—well ahead of their Western counterparts.

A documentary called “Made in Europe: From Mine to Electric Vehicle” via KU Leuven’s Peter Tom Jones explores Europe’s missed opportunity to lead in the battery value chain, despite its intellectual and technological head start. For Professor Binnemans, the lesson is clear: innovation alone is insufficient without investment in industrialization, scaling, and consistent high-quality production. This brings us back to the REEx point for industrial policy.