Highlights

• China controls 61% of rare earth mining and 92% of processing.
• China uses export controls as a strategic trade weapon against the U.S.
• U.S. domestic rare earth production remains critically underdeveloped.
• There is only one major rare earth mine in the U.S. at Mountain Pass.
• The rare earth trade conflict represents a defining front in 21st-century geopolitical technological competition.

The escalating U.S.-China trade war has entered a new and dangerous phase, as Beijing weaponizes its near-monopoly over rare earth elements.  Following President Trump's aggressive tariff campaign, China announced new export controls covering seven key rare earth elements, forcing companies to obtain special licenses. This move directly threatens American defense manufacturing, consumer electronics, and clean energy industries — sectors critically dependent on materials like neodymium, samarium, and terbium. Despite Trump's invocation of the Defense Production Act and renewed efforts to boost U.S. mineral independence, experts warn America’s domestic capabilities remain dangerously underdeveloped, with Mountain Pass remaining its only major rare earth mine.

As detailed today at India’s WION Gravitas Plus (opens in a new tab), China’s grip on the global rare earth supply chain is overwhelming, controlling 61% of mined production and 92% of processing capacity, according to the International Energy Agency. The environmental challenges and high costs of extraction have only deepened U.S. vulnerabilities, while China, leveraging decades of strategic policy and investment, maintains a powerful advantage. Echoing Deng Xiaoping’s famous 1992 declaration — "The Middle East has oil; China has rare earths" — Beijing’s latest actions reinforce rare earths as a core strategic asset capable of shifting global power balances.

The Indian news source emphasizes that the ripple effects are already being felt. The automotive sector faces potential shortages, defense contractors are scrambling to assess supply risks, and technology industries are confronting looming disruptions. Meanwhile, China's pace of processing export licenses could determine the severity of the chokehold. Although the Trump administration touts its efforts to decouple critical mineral dependencies, rebuilding a fully sovereign rare earth supply chain will take years — and may arrive too late to blunt the immediate impacts.

In the absence of an urgent and coordinated response — including building domestic processing capabilities, incentivizing new mining, and forging secure international partnerships — America risks losing critical ground not only in this trade standoff but also in the broader 21st-century technological race. As Gravitas Plus concludes, the rare earths battle is no longer theoretical: it is a defining front in the new era of geopolitical competition. Note, as far as the source, the Essel Group owns WION and is a part of a network of channels, whose majority owner is Subhash Chandra and family.