Highlights

• The Fraunhofer Institute study argues Europe cannot mine its way to critical mineral security and must build a circular economy through advanced electrochemical recycling technologies that are cleaner and more efficient than current methods.
• New electrochemical processes like electroleaching, electrowinning, and electroseparation show promise with ~98% lithium selectivity and reduced chemical use, but remain at early development stages (TRL 5-6) without full industrial validation.
• Study reinforces that recycling innovation—not mining expansion—will determine Europe's ability to meet EU Critical Raw Materials Act targets of 25% recycling, creating strategic opportunities for early movers in processing technology.

---

A 2026 perspective (opens in a new tab) led by Dr.-Ing. Sandra Pavón (opens in a new tab) at the Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (opens in a new tab), with Christian Heubner and Alexander Michaelis, argues that Europe cannot mine its way to critical mineral security—especially for lithium and rare earth elements. Instead, the future depends on smarter recycling. Published in Resources, Conservation and Recycling, the paper explains that Europe must build a “circular economy,” recovering metals from waste efficiently and at scale. The authors highlight emerging electrochemical technologies that could make recycling cleaner, cheaper, and more precise—but stress that most remain early-stage and not yet ready for widespread industrial use.

Study Methods

This is not an experiment or field trial—it’s a forward-looking technical review. The authors evaluate current recycling methods and propose adding electricity-driven processes to improve them. These include:

• Electroleaching: uses electricity to dissolve metals from waste instead of chemicals
• Electrowinning: pulls pure metal out of solution using an electric current
• Electroseparation: selectively extracts specific metals (like lithium)

Put simply: replace chemicals with electricity to make cleaner, more efficient recycling systems.

Dr.-Ing. Sandra Pavón, Lead Author

Key Findings

1. Europe Has a Structural Supply Problem

Europe imports most critical minerals and faces geopolitical risk. Under the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act, targets now include:

• 10% domestic mining
• 40% processing
• 25% recycling

The authors argue that recycling is the only scalable solution given limited local resources.

2. Today’s Recycling Systems Fall Short

Current methods are:

• Complex and multi-step
• Material-loss heavy
• Resource-intensive (chemicals, water, energy)

Result: expensive, inefficient, and environmentally burdensome

3. Electrochemical Processing Shows Real Promise

New electrochemical methods can:

• Reach ~98% selectivity for lithium
• Reduce chemical use significantly
• Run on electricity (including renewables)

Translation: fewer steps, less waste, higher purity

4. Rare Earths Are Still a Major Challenge

Rare earth elements are harder to process because they are chemically similar. Most electrochemical solutions for rare earths are still early-stage and unproven at scale as Rare Earth Exchanges™ continues to chronicle.

Limitations (What the Study Does Not Prove)

• Most results are lab-scale or pilot-level (TRL 5–6)
• Real-world waste streams contain impurities that degrade performance
• Electrode durability and replacement costs remain unresolved
• No full industrial or economic validation yet

Bottom line: promising—but not commercially proven

Implications for Investors and Industry

The study reinforces a key shift: Europe’s mineral security will depend more on processing innovation than mining expansion

What this means:

• Recycling technologies could become strategic infrastructure
• Electrochemical systems may reshape battery and rare earth supply chains
• Early movers solving scale and cost challenges could capture significant value

But timing is critical—this is still a technology race, not a finished solution.

Conclusion

Pavón and colleagues outline a compelling path forward: electrified, cleaner, and more efficient recycling systems that could anchor Europe’s industrial future. But the gap between laboratory success and industrial reality remains significant.

REEx Reflection

Electrochemical recycling could transform critical mineral supply chains—but for now, it remains a promising solution still in development.

Citation: Pavón S., Heubner C., Michaelis A. (2026). Safeguarding raw material basis in Europe through electrochemical integration in hydrometallurgical processing. Resources, Conservation andRecycling.