Highlights

• G7 energy ministers launched a Critical Minerals Production Alliance in Toronto to reduce dependence on China, which controls 85-90% of global refining capacity.
• The alliance aims to secure transparent, democratic supply chains through private investment across G7 nations, but policy fractures and lack of traceability rules threaten effectiveness.
• Experts warn of a "very small window" to build competitive refining infrastructure, noting that decades of Chinese industrial planning won't be reversed by declarations alone.

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At a two-day meeting in Toronto, the Group of Seven (G7) energy ministers launched an ambitious “Critical Minerals Production Alliance” to reduce dependence on China—the undisputed heavyweight in global rare-earth refining and processing. The move comes just hours after U.S. President Donald Trump and China’s Xi Jinping inked a one-year, extendable deal on China’s rare-earth exports.

Germany’s Economic Affairs Minister Katherina Reiche (opens in a new tab) welcomed the truce as “a good sign,” but warned that it “can’t prevent us” from diversifying supply chains. In other words, even allies recognize that Beijing’s dominance—85 to 90 percent of global refining—remains an unresolved strategic vulnerability.

Behind the Optics: Markets, Minerals, and Motives

According to Canada’s Energy Minister Tim Hodgson (opens in a new tab), the new alliance will “secure transparent, democratic, and sustainable supply chains” by mobilizing private investment across the G7 nations—Canada, the U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan.

The International Energy Agency’s Tae-Yoon Kim (opens in a new tab) called the meeting a “major opportunity … to start shifting market power,” reflecting concerns that China’s command-style system allows it to distort prices, stockpile materials, and control global flow. Abigail Hunter of the Washington-based Center for Critical Minerals Strategy described the challenge bluntly: “We’ve been facing a competitor who has consistently distorted free markets.”

The bias of the Daily Mail/AFP coverage leans toward Western optimism—echoing a familiar narrative that coordination and investment will quickly rebalance market power. Yet it stops short of addressing the staggering lead China has built over decades through subsidized refining capacity, faster permitting, and vertical integration.

Fractures Beneath the Unity

While the G7’s rhetoric emphasizes cooperation, policy fractures persist. The Trump administration’s protectionist trade stance and focus on domestic energy independence contrast sharply with Europe’s urgency toward clean energy. Hunter warned that true progress requires “traceability”—tracking minerals from mine to magnet—and transparency to “box out” opaque Chinese entities.

Whether the G7 can align around strict traceability rules remains uncertain. Without them, any alliance may look more symbolic than structural. The market’s imbalance—rooted in decades of Chinese industrial planning—won’t be reversed by declarations alone.

The Small Window for Action

Hunter’s closing remark may be the most honest line in the report: “We have a short window of opportunity to fix this … it’s just very, very small.” The G7’s Toronto initiative signals political resolve but not yet industrial readiness. The coming year—coinciding with the temporary Trump-Xi export truce—will test whether democratic economies can build competitive refining and processing infrastructure before the window closes.

Summary

This Rare Earth Exchanges (REEx) analysis distills the G7’s plan to challenge China’s rare-earth and critical-mineral dominance. The Daily Mail/AFP (opens in a new tab) report presents cautious optimism but skirts the underlying asymmetry: one side commands supply; the other holds summits. Real progress depends on follow-through—investment, traceability, and political courage to act before another cycle of dependency sets in.

Citation: Daily Mail / AFP, “G7 to launch ‘alliance’ countering China’s critical mineral dominance,” October 30, 2025.

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