Highlights

• China's Announcement No. 62 of 2025 imposes sweeping export controls on rare earths.
• The controls target U.S. industrial and defense supply chains by requiring licenses for products containing even trace rare earth content.
• Beijing controls 90% of global rare earth processing and high-performance magnet manufacturing.
• China is weaponizing this dominance as strategic leverage ahead of Trump-Xi talks this month.
• While the U.S. accelerates rare earth development through partners like Lynas and MP Materials, China's move exposes America's critical supply chain vulnerabilities.
• These vulnerabilities cannot be quickly resolved.

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When China’s Ministry of Commerce issued its blandly titled Announcement No. 62 of 2025, it didn’t sound like a geopolitical thunderclap. Yet in substance, it was exactly that. Behind the bureaucratic phrasing lay Beijing’s sharpest economic lever in years: sweeping new export controls on rare earths, the metals powering everything from F-35 fighter jets to Tesla motors.

The move struck Washington where it hurts most — at the heart of its industrial supply chains — and revived a long-dormant anxiety: who really controls the materials of modern power?

The Bazooka and the Pressure Point

For all of Donald Trump’s tariff bravado, China has now reminded him — and the world — that the true “bazooka” lies in processing, as Rare Earth Exchanges (REEx) has reported, not in customs. Beijing refines roughly 90% of global rare earths and dominates the manufacture of high-performance magnets used in clean tech and defense. By demanding export licenses for any product containing even trace rare earth content, China has weaponized its market share with surgical precision.

U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent’s fiery retort — calling this “China versus the world” — makes for strong headlines. But beneath the outrage lies strategic discomfort: this is a front the U.S. cannot easily win. While Washington can slap tariffs on imported goods, it cannot conjure processing capacity overnight. Even the Pentagon’s procurement programs depend on alloys that trace back to Chinese furnaces.

Why Beijing’s Gambit Resonates

Analysts in Sydney and Singapore argue the timing was deliberate. With Trump and Xi slated to meet this month, China has chosen its moment — tightening just enough to remind Washington of its dependencies while pledging that “civilian” exports will continue under license. Beijing’s twin message is cunning: calm the markets, rattle the negotiators.

Critics call it economic coercion. Supporters, even in China’s academic circles, see it as self-defense after years of U.S. chip bans and blacklists. Either way, Beijing has exposed an uncomfortable truth: America’s technological power still sits atop foreign supply chains.

The Contrarian View: Leverage Cuts Both Ways

Not all experts think China holds a permanent advantage. The U.S. and its allies are accelerating their own rare-earth ecosystem — from Australia’s Lynas to Texas’ MP Materials — with bipartisan momentum and defense funding. If China overplays its hand, it could hasten the very decoupling it fears most.

Still, for now, the pain point has been found — and pressed.

Disclaimer: This analysis references reporting from multiple media outlets, including Reuters and BBC. Statements from Chinese officials originate from state or state-affiliated sources and should be independently verified.

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