Highlights

• USGS releases satellite imagery dataset revealing point locations of rare earth element leachate and precipitation tanks in Myanmar and China from 2010 to 2025.
• Satellite monitoring emerges as a powerful tool for tracking ion-adsorption clay mining sites, offering empirical insights into heavy rare earth production.
• The dataset provides potential for machine learning models and validating policy interventions in the rare earth supply chain.

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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has quietly dropped a data release (opens in a new tab) that should grab the attention of every rare earth investor, policymaker, and analyst: point locations of rare earth element (REE) leachate and precipitation tanks in Myanmar and China, identified via satellite imagery from 2010 to 2025. These tanks—signature features of ion-adsorption clay extraction—reveal the scale and spread of heavy rare earth mining activity, often hidden from official production tallies.

What Holds Water

The facts are solid: ion-adsorption clays in southern China and northern Myanmar remain the world’s primary source of dysprosium, terbium, and other heavy rare earths. These deposits are notoriously diffuse, making them difficult to track by traditional means. The USGS dataset is transparent, geospatially rigorous, and open-source, offering clear coordinates for leach sites, often clustered in Kachin, Shan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong. The technical details—tank diameters, color signatures (blue for active, brown for abandoned), and spatial dispersion—are backed by observable imagery.

Where Assumptions Creep In

What the dataset doesn’t do is measure actual output. Satellite-identified tanks are indicators, not production numbers. Analysts should resist the temptation to equate tank counts with tonnage without cross-checking trade flows and customs data. Similarly, while the dataset highlights environmental footprints, it stops short of quantifying damage to waterways or communities—those conclusions lie in NGO and academic studies.

A Lens Free of Spin

Unlike narrative-heavy media pieces, this USGS release carries no geopolitical framing. It is data, not drama. That said, investors and governments may still interpret it through political filters: one camp might highlight Chinese overreliance on outsourced HREEs from volatile Myanmar; another may argue it underscores Beijing’s strategic foresight in diversifying extraction zones. The bias lies not in the data, but in its deployment.

Why This Matters Now

For the rare earth supply chain, the implications are stark: satellite monitoring is becoming a powerful transparency tool. As Western nations scramble to reduce dependence on Chinese HREEs, this dataset provides a rare empirical baseline. It offers the potential to train machine learning models, detect new illicit sites faster, and validate whether policy interventions—such as Myanmar’s attempted bans or China’s tightening of permits—are real or cosmetic. In short, satellites may soon become the most reliable auditors of the rare earth race.

Citation: Padilla, A.J., & Lederer, G.W. (2025). USGS Data Release: Point locations for rare earth element leachate collection and precipitation tanks from ion-adsorption clay deposits in Burma (Myanmar) and China, 2010–2025. doi:10.5066/P1BSFNQ2 (opens in a new tab)

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