Highlights

• Strategic stockpiling of critical minerals effectively dampens short-term price volatility and acute supply disruptions but cannot address chronic undersupply or structural production deficits.
• National security applications show the strongest justification for public stockpiles, while international coordination through bodies like the IEA could improve calibration and prevent market distortions.
• Effective resilience requires embedding stockpiles within broader industrial strategy including mining capacity, recycling infrastructure, and trade partnerships—not treating reserves as standalone solutions.

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In Critical Stocks, Critical Stakes, Hugh Miller and Juan Pablo Martínez of the Centre for Economic Transition Expertise (CETEx) at the London School of Economics (opens in a new tab) examined last year whether strategic stockpiling of critical minerals—lithium, cobalt, copper, rare earth elements and others—can shield economies from supply shocks in an era defined by decarbonization, digitalization and geopolitical fragmentation. A timely topic considering the recently announced Project Vault in the United States. Their central conclusion is precise and disciplined: stockpiles can meaningfully mitigate acute disruptions and short-term price volatility, but they are structurally limited in addressing chronic undersupply or long-term market tightness. As policymakers revisit national reserve strategies—including initiatives such as “Project Vault”—the report offers a sober framework for distinguishing resilience policy from industrial illusion.

StudyDesign and Analytical Framework

The report is not a narrow econometric model. Instead, it conducts a structured policy effectiveness assessment across five risk domains:

• Market volatility
• Inflation
• Industrial competitiveness
• Energy security
• National security

The authors evaluate three stockpiling architectures:

1. Public (centralized government stockpiles)
2. Private inventory mandates (firm-level buffers)
3. Market-based mechanisms (exchange or financial stabilizers)

They ground the analysis in global demand projections (notably from the IEA), supply concentration data—particularly in refining—anddocumented episodes of trade restrictions and price spikes. Importantly,they differentiate between exchange-traded base metals (e.g., copper, nickel) and opaque, thinly traded minerals such as rare earth elements.

Core Findings

1. Stockpiles are effective against acute shocks.

In cases of war, export controls, natural disasters, or sudden geopolitical ruptures, coordinated stock releases can dampen price spikes and stabilize expectations. The report draws lessons from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) experience: reserves can calm markets when shocks are perceived as temporary.

2. Stockpiles cannot fix structural deficits.

If global production fails to keep pace with sustained demand—such as under aggressive net-zero scenarios—stockpiles merely postpone scarcity. They do not create new mines, refining capacity, or processing expertise. Long-term imbalances require supply-side investment.

3. Price smoothing requires precision.

Strategic reserves can moderate short-term volatility. However, poorly timed or uncoordinated stock accumulation can exacerbate price spikes during build-up phases. Worse, politically motivated price suppression during normal market conditions could deter upstream investment—an unintended consequence the authors warn against explicitly.

4. National security use cases are strongest.

For defense-critical materials, centralized public stockpiles are highly effective as short-term insurance against supply disruption. This is especially true where defense manufacturing is domestic and mineral inputs are refined.

5. International coordination is pivotal.

Unilateral stockpiling risks duplication, distortion, and geopolitical friction. The authors argue that international coordination—potentially anchored by the International Energy Agency—could improve calibration, release conditions, and transparency

Critical-Stocks-Critical-Stakes

. However, they acknowledge membership limitations and political feasibility constraints.

Important Constraints and Real-World Frictions

The report is policy-analytical rather than empirical. It does not simulate real-time mineral stress tests. It also emphasizes that mineral markets differ fundamentally from oil:

• Many lack deep, liquid exchanges.
• Price discovery is opaque.
• Regional pricing divergence is increasing.
• No OPEC-style swing producer exists across most minerals.

These structural features complicate coordinated release strategies and reduce the inflation-control effectiveness of stockpiling relative to oil.

Implications in the Era of “Project Vault”

For governments contemplating large-scale critical mineral reserves, the message is disciplined:

Stockpiling is a shock absorber, not a substitute for industrial strategy.

Without parallel investment in:

• Mining and refining capacity
• Recyclingand circularity
• Bilateral and multilateral trade partnerships
• Long-term offtake agreements

stockpiles risk becoming expensive buffers that delay—but do not solve—supply vulnerability.

The authors explicitly caution that mis-calibrated reserves could create a false sense of security while structural dependencies deepen.

What Should Follow — Policy Discipline

Governments considering expanded reserves should:

• Coordinate internationally on mineral scope and stock calibration
• Pre-agree transparent release triggers tied to clear economic or security conditions
• Consider hybrid public–private stock designs tailored to specific risk profiles
• Avoid routine price suppression that undermines mining investment signals
• Embed stockpiling within a broader industrial and trade strategy

Bottom Line

Strategic stockpiling of critical minerals can mitigate acute volatility and provide national security insurance. It cannot resolve structural supply concentration or chronic undersupply. When embedded in coordinated, investment-aligned frameworks, reserves can enhance resilience. When treated as a standalone solution, they risk distortion and complacency.

In a fractured geopolitical landscape, resilience requires architecture—not merely inventory.

Citation: Miller, H., & Martínez, J. P. (2025). Critical stocks, critical stakes: The effectiveness of critical mineral stockpiles in mitigating supply risks to energy, security and information (opens in a new tab). Centre for Economic Transition Expertise, London School of Economics