Highlights

• Unregulated rare earth mining in Myanmar's Shan State is releasing toxic chemicals into Mekong River tributaries.
• Arsenic levels exceed WHO safety limits, creating a growing health crisis for riverside communities in Laos.
• Global tech industry's demand for rare earth minerals drives environmental and human rights challenges in the region.

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A harrowing Al Jazeera report (opens in a new tab) by Fabio Polese shines a light on the unintended casualties of the global rare earth race: the communities of Laos who live—and nearly starve—by the Mekong River. What begins as a simple tale of dwindling fish becomes a sobering exposé on lawless rare earth mining in Myanmar and the toxic runoff spilling into one of the world’s most vital waterways.

What’s Grounded in Fact

The article correctly identifies Myanmar’s Shan State as a current hotspot for illegal rare earth and gold mining. According to multiple regional experts—including U.S. academic Zachary Abuza (opens in a new tab)—at least a dozen new extraction sites have emerged in rebel-held territory over the past year. These operations, often backed by Chinese traders and completely unregulated, have released arsenic, lead, and manganese into the Ruak, Sai, and Kok Rivers—tributaries that feed directly into the Mekong.

Thai environmental agencies and the Mekong River Commission confirm that arsenic levels now exceed WHO safety limits in some areas. These findings are no exaggeration. The resulting health crisis, while still regional, is escalating fast, especially for riverside communities in Laos.

A Lot of Truth and Some Important Omissions

The portrayal of Myanmar as effectively ungoverned in its eastern borderlands is fair at least from a Western vantage. The Restoration Council of Shan State and the United Wa State Army maintain territorial control and profit handsomely from mining. At the same time, the military junta turns a blind eye in exchange for cuts. The chaos benefits everyone—except the locals.

What’s missing? Context on global demand. This is a market system we all live in.  The story doesn’t connect the dots to the Western and Chinese tech industries whose hunger for neodymium, dysprosium, and other rare earths is fueling this scramble. It also fails to mention that many of these mines may be funneling material into the backdoor supply chains of legitimate manufacturers, including those seeking “ex-China” diversification. That’s not just a regional issue—that’s a global ESG failure.

Bias Check: Poetic, but One-Sided

Al Jazeera’s reporting is vivid, emotionally rich, and largely factual—but it stops short of challenging Chinese or Western companies that ultimately benefit from this dirty sourcing. The narrative sympathizes with local fishermen (rightly so) but spares the larger geopolitical and corporate machinery from scrutiny. 

Final Cast

This isn’t just an environmental tragedy. It’s a warning shot for investors and policymakers: the rare earth boom carries invisible costs unless transparency and enforcement follow the capital.  Rare Earth Exchanges has listed Myanmar at the top of the Heavy Rare Earth Mine Rankings due to its global influence.

If supply chain ethics don’t reach upstream into Shan State, don’t be surprised when the Mekong turns from lifeline to liability.  But not only is reform possible,  we are also confident it can happen.

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