In this episode, Dustin and Daniel discuss the latest developments in the rare earth industry, including insights from a recent interview with Buz Barstow, the impact of trade wars on the automotive sector, and the challenges posed by China’s dominance in rare earth production. They also explore innovations in recycling rare earth materials and the importance of international relations in securing supply chains. The conversation emphasizes the need for awareness and proactive measures in addressing the complexities of the rare earth market.
Chapters
00:00 Introduction and Excitement for Innovation
03:18 Geopolitical Landscape and Trade Talks
05:36 Impact on the Automotive Industry
07:59 Australia’s Role in Rare Earth Supply
10:13 Challenges in Recycling Rare Earths
12:37 HiProMag’s Breakthrough in Magnet Recycling
15:06 China’s Dominance in Rare Earth Production
17:33 The Need for a Domestic Supply Chain
19:48 Recent Developments in Rare Earth Elements
22:16 Awareness and Responsibility in the Industry
24:44 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Listen to the REEx Podcast
(opens in a new tab)Transcript
Dustin Olsen (00:01.09)
Welcome back to the rare earth exchanges podcast. You’ve got me and you’ve got Daniel and this week we’re talking about some of the recent news that’s been going on. But last week we interviewed a very excited guy called Buzz Barstow over at Cornell university. What’d you think of that conversation, Daniel? For me, I, I was so impressed with how genuinely excited and interested he was in the work that he’s doing.
and yeah, no, it’s, it was, was refreshing to, to have someone that excited about that. Cause I think the things that he was getting involved in and what really gets him going. I was like, I don’t know if I could be on your level, but I’m so glad we have people like him in this world that are, because the work he’s doing will probably truly transform.
Daniel O’Connor (00:32.094)
it was, yes. Sorry. Keep going. Sorry, I interrupted you.
Dustin Olsen (00:59.904)
the rare earth mining process. And I thought that was super neat. What did you think?
Daniel O’Connor (01:04.942)
I was really impressed. He’s just really fired up and excited about life and what he does in his work. He’s very interesting and you could keep talking for hours. In this episode, we spoke with him again. He’s a Cornell University professor from England originally. He has a lot of biology and physics background and he’s looking at using sort of microbial
methods to separate rare earths. you know, more organic, clean efforts, including what they call organisms like gluconobacter, improve the extraction efficiency while addressing environmental concerns. And so, you know, this is where we need to go with us. And I mean, the way we’re going to transcend the Chinese dependency
To some extent is going to be innovation in recycling, non-rare earth magnets. There’s classes of activity that are going to, over the next years, lead to disruptive innovation. I think he could be on the track for one of them. We can’t be sure, but he seems pretty positive. I thought it was great. I hope people can go and check it out.
Dustin Olsen (02:29.665)
Mm-hmm.
Daniel O’Connor (02:33.299)
on YouTube. The intersection of biology and mining. Guess Buzz Barstow.
Dustin Olsen (02:35.52)
Yeah.
Dustin Olsen (02:39.073)
Yep. Yeah. If any of that sounds interesting, we encourage you to go back to episode 20 and take a look at that conversation. It’s on YouTube. It’s also streaming on all of the popular podcast apps as well. And with that, I’m going to do a shameless plug. If you like this episode, give us a like. If you don’t want to miss a future episode, subscribe. And with that, Daniel, what stood out to you in the news?
this last week.
Daniel O’Connor (03:09.798)
Well, there’s a lot going on obviously, right? And geopolitically, it’s all over the place. you know, had the trade talks that happened in London, you know, were touted by the news over here in the United States as a big success. have a deal. President Trump declared we have a deal. And while we did, we
What we’ve learned is we did have a deal to agree on a framework to keep talking. But we don’t necessarily have a deal. There’s still power clauses that they have over us where I think they could withdraw our ability to access any rare earth source, specific rare earth elements, especially those with any military use case or dual use case.
We did have some real troubles. Some automobile plants were on the verge of shutting down. In fact, one Ford production line in Chicago did shut down because of this rare earth export control, which is a reaction to the trade war launched by our President Trump on Liberation Day. You remember Liberation Day, where we were going to be liberated from…
Dustin Olsen (04:30.176)
Mm-hmm.
Daniel O’Connor (04:33.292)
the rest of the world. Well, we’re fighting for it. We’re fighting for our liberty. We’re going to get there. So, you know, what we learned is that when China withheld or what they didn’t, they didn’t withhold, Dustin, what they did was created more process in the export permitting process where people had to go through and fill out more paperwork.
and share more about what they were using the products for, their supply chain, a lot of intellectual property, frankly. People were very concerned about it that we spoke to. And they were not releasing exports to military. And I believe that’s still the case. I still believe it’s a problem. Our inside sources are telling us it’s not good. There’s going to be more trouble. We’ll have to see. But it was…
So even with this deal in place, discussed in London, I think we’re in a very precarious position.
Dustin Olsen (05:38.433)
100%. It’s, I mean, a framework to keep talking. I think that’s good. It’s probably a win. It’s rather than just being, the door shut on our face and be like, nice talking to you. so it’s good that they’re, you know, there’s still opportunity to keep going. but yeah, my newsfeed was blown up with the automotive industry shutting down because of
Daniel O’Connor (05:57.951)
Yeah.
Dustin Olsen (06:09.096)
not being able to secure rare earths for their product. And we’ve been talking about that since last year when we started this, you know, like it doesn’t feel like a problem now, but once it hits downstream, everyone is gonna fill it. And the automotive industry to no surprise is the first one to fill it. So it’s a big deal.
I just don’t think the magnitude is fully realized yet.
Daniel O’Connor (06:39.134)
Whoa, it-
It’s a big deal and don’t forget that we’ve been told by insiders that the defense contractors, like I won’t say names, but big defense contractors, they have a harder problem than the automakers. The automakers are more dialed in with process and procedure and they’re just a little bit more efficient. For whatever reason, the defense contractors are really vulnerable, we’ve been told. We can’t be certain.
These are national security issues, so you really can’t talk about them publicly. But there’s definitely some concern. Now, before we get into any other news, we have heard from some other insiders in Australia that President Trump, the Prime Minister of Australia, Anthony Albanese, it? I think it’s Albanese. He is in discussions with
Trump’s folks, Americans about doing a large deal where the American government will get unprecedented access to the various rare earth element production mines and some of the production in Australia and that there would be potentially England involved. We’ll see if it actually happens, but this is what we’re hearing. There’s some pretty big rumblings.
Dustin Olsen (08:09.554)
Yeah, that’s, I did not see a deal or conversation like that happening.
Daniel O’Connor (08:17.641)
Yeah, I mean, it’s surprising, but I think maybe President Trump’s folks have been watching or reading rare earth exchanges.
Dustin Olsen (08:30.717)
We’ve been predicting that as well. So I don’t think we’re that far off.
Daniel O’Connor (08:32.648)
Yeah, yeah.
Well, and remember we’ve been saying that Trump, would be good for him to go and do a deal with a couple of different countries like England. Do you remember why England, Canada and Australia are important? Remember from a financing deal perspective, the financial capital and rare earths are overlaid in three cities, London, Toronto and
So these are places where there’s more skill and knowledge as to how to do deals in the rare earth element market. So I think it makes sense that if Donald Trump is talking, is in discussions with Australia, that would make sense. So let’s hope that there’s proactive alliances being put together.
Dustin Olsen (09:36.277)
Yes, let’s hope because we’re seeing more and more like we’ve been talking about, but now we’re seeing just the dependency that we have. And also we’re seeing China leverage that control over not only the US, but others, but specifically the US and getting some of these processed reverse out of there.
Daniel O’Connor (09:55.581)
Yeah, yeah.
Daniel O’Connor (10:01.62)
Yes, mean China has their problems and they have debt problems with their real estate markets and they have inequality problems and they have localized problems. But again, you know, it’s all relative. Their industry is completely dialed in for scale, productivity and cost. remember, if they decide, they can say, we’re not, we’re going to just lose money. We’re going to flood the market with cheap, earths.
and cheap magnets because we can.
Because we can.
Daniel O’Connor (10:41.747)
So it’s…
Dustin Olsen (10:42.112)
Yep. And that’s, and that’s a typical of Chinese business culture, right? To undercut competition is they call it like the gladiator approach. It’s just the last man standing, whatever it takes wins. Right. And, and I would not be surprised if China took that same mentality, that same approach that they do within their own borders and applied it to.
Daniel O’Connor (10:54.47)
Right?
Daniel O’Connor (10:58.108)
Yes. Yeah.
Dustin Olsen (11:11.52)
to everyone else. And we actually kind of saw that at the start of the trade wars when they started broadcasting, um, the real production, the real costs of product that we see here in the United States, you know, designer handbags for women that sells for $30,000. They’re selling them for a thousand bucks and the warehouse, right? Um, so they tried to do that here. Um, but with more effort and influence, I don’t see why they
Daniel O’Connor (11:27.036)
Yeah.
Daniel O’Connor (11:32.957)
Yeah.
Dustin Olsen (11:43.2)
couldn’t do that more. So.
Daniel O’Connor (11:44.093)
Yeah, yeah, yeah, I know, agree. So really interesting. So what other news do you want to get into?
Dustin Olsen (11:53.248)
So we kind of touched briefly just that auto manufacturers are shutting down, right? Ford CEO confirmed that, that it was the rare earth. They couldn’t get rare earth for their electric and hybrid vehicles as a byproduct of the tariffs. And they were already complaining about the tariffs long before they had to shut down, but now it’s kind of rubber to the road.
Daniel O’Connor (11:57.49)
Yes?
Mm-hmm.
Daniel O’Connor (12:13.595)
Yeah?
Dustin Olsen (12:21.439)
sort of thing right now is what we’re seeing with them. So it’ll be interesting to see the long-term impact to the automotive industry. You we saw similar things with COVID shutdowns with many manufacturing plants. So we’ll see how long this cascades into the future because of COVID with the auto industry, they shut down.
Daniel O’Connor (12:23.739)
Yes.
Daniel O’Connor (12:37.884)
Yeah.
Daniel O’Connor (12:43.761)
Mm-hmm.
Dustin Olsen (12:49.661)
They canceled their orders for chips and things like that. And it just like was a whole mess. So it’ll be interesting to see if this is a repeat of COVID five years ago, but, I don’t know if there’s more to say on that. other than just wait and see.
Daniel O’Connor (12:54.065)
Yes.
Daniel O’Connor (13:06.919)
Yeah, yeah, I mean, we’re tracking all this stuff daily. We’re putting probably 10, 12 articles out a day. you know, come to, no matter what, come to rare earth exchanges, because if you’re interested in this topic, you’re going to get an independent critical view that allows, especially like retail investors as an example, you need objectivity, right? There’s a lot of either misinformation or
Dustin Olsen (13:33.151)
Mm-hmm.
Daniel O’Connor (13:37.095)
faulty information or even just people that just don’t want to speak the truth about what’s going on.
Dustin Olsen (13:46.879)
Absolutely. What else? What’s that too? We got iProMag out of the UK.
Daniel O’Connor (13:56.551)
Yeah, they had a breakthrough I could talk about them they had a You know, they’re a magnet recycling entity and they basically They’re developing what’s called HPMS technology to recycle rare earth magnets with 95 % recycled content now remember Dustin only a couple percentage points of all magnet based product are recycled today, so it’s long way to go it’s a lot to
to do still. But the company can demonstrate the ability to convert scrap metal, for example, from e-bikes, MRI units, and hard drives into high-grade sintered magnets, a potential game changer for Western rare earth supply chains. And the current scale remains limited, however, when compared to
to Chinese production. And this is all based on a technical bulletin that was released yesterday. Hi Pro Mag limited their subsidiary of Macango Resources and they declared a major step in the rare earth recycling race with full integration from what they call scrap to magnet production. So instead of mine to production, scrap.
production because they’re recycling. Okay. Does that make sense to you?
Dustin Olsen (15:26.189)
Yeah, that doesn’t make sense.
Daniel O’Connor (15:30.289)
So again, the company claims to now have produce centered NDF-EB magnets with over 95 % recycled content. So they’re making some claims, but now we have to see this manifest in the market. Can they scale up? they produce, can they deliver high quality at a lower price? In China, they’re doing that.
their magnet industry is very extensive.
Dustin Olsen (16:04.659)
Yeah, it’ll be interesting. And we’ve talked about the struggles with recycling of the, mean, the amount of rivers found in any given product is so small. you have to disassemble whatever scrap is that whatever you’re recycling to even get to it. And, and if it’s the same product, like an iPhone, right? They’ve, they’ve got robots that disassemble certain iPhones cause of standard, right?
Daniel O’Connor (16:22.256)
Yeah.
Daniel O’Connor (16:34.128)
Yeah.
Dustin Olsen (16:34.303)
The robot knows exactly where everything is and can like do it in a second. Um, but how do you do that for, you know, a dozen, a dozen different TV brands or speakers or. EVs, like everything’s different. And so it makes sense that recycling is such a low volume in the supply chain. But if they can figure it out faster way to, to extract some of that, regardless of what it is.
Daniel O’Connor (16:37.712)
Yes.
Daniel O’Connor (16:51.801)
Yes. Yes.
Dustin Olsen (17:03.634)
I called out a win.
Daniel O’Connor (17:04.773)
100%. And again, we need to get magnet production over here. Most of it is in China. Next would be Japan, but way lower. So China essentially has a monopoly on that today. And it’s not easy to break.
Dustin Olsen (17:25.332)
No, and it’ll be expensive to break.
Daniel O’Connor (17:29.108)
my goodness, my goodness. So, and here we are doing all this stuff, Dustin, out of the goodness and kindness of our heart. But we’re, you know, we’re trying to, we’re trying to wake up America and all other, other people around the world that care about these matters. You know, these Chinese companies are not playing around. They’re, they’re not companies. They’re actually tools of the state.
Dustin Olsen (17:48.21)
Mm-hmm.
Dustin Olsen (17:58.493)
I think that’s the operative word, right? Tools of the state. yep. And it’s a very different approach. I, I probably can’t stress that enough. Just it’s the mentality, the approach is just so different than anything we’ve done here in the U S so it’s, mean, it would make sense to, for someone here to like scratch your head and be like, I don’t get it. Like, why? Well, they just, they do business differently.
Daniel O’Connor (18:00.291)
Yeah, tools of the state. That’s right.
Daniel O’Connor (18:16.557)
Yes.
Daniel O’Connor (18:28.696)
Well, yeah, yeah, no, it’s a good point, but we need to learn because we can’t afford to be dependent for another 10 years.
Dustin Olsen (18:28.705)
Dustin Olsen (18:33.544)
Mm-hmm.
Dustin Olsen (18:38.396)
Nope. But that’s what it’s going to take though. Right. It’s going to take 10 years to even just create a plan, a path, an alternate.
Daniel O’Connor (18:42.218)
It is.
Daniel O’Connor (18:46.916)
Well, it could be done faster than that. I mean, you can do sort of a rolling agile program where you’re rapidly developing chunks of work, chunks of product. There’s things that you could do faster than 10 years, but by the time everything is ramped up and you’re on par with China, it’s probably 10 years away. You’re right.
Dustin Olsen (19:14.352)
and it’s a long time.
Daniel O’Connor (19:16.6)
That’s a long time in our, just importantly, remember in our society, it’s all about the election. So now we’re heading to midterms. Then Trump has to be ready for his third administration. That’s a joke.
whatever he’s going to do. But again, in China, and that creates a lot of turmoil. In China, it’s just you have Xi Jinping. That’s who you have. And there’s no choice.
Dustin Olsen (19:50.408)
Mm-hmm.
Daniel O’Connor (19:53.581)
So.
Dustin Olsen (19:54.111)
There might be no choice, but there’s continuity. And that’s what I feel is going to be a big missing part in moving forward with this because come midterms, the Trump administration is going to be distracted with the incumbent of the next administration and campaigning for them. And so really everything that Trump can do right now in this first year,
is probably about all we’re going to get before the distractions from upcoming elections is really going to come in. And then we’re going have a new presidency and going to start all over again. And that lack of consistency is, you know, what if the next president doesn’t agree with having our own domestic rare earth supply chain? Right. What happens?
Daniel O’Connor (20:45.239)
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
It’s a serious issue because of the crunch that’s coming. And again, if you’re not close to it, people are like, so what? But it’s real, and it will impact everybody.
Dustin Olsen (21:10.046)
And we’re starting to see it, right? Starting to see it. So.
Daniel O’Connor (21:12.583)
100%. 100%, 100%. So some other news just to keep going that we can talk about. we spoke about HiProMag and they’re again putting together this magnet mining in the UK. Also, again, we did another profile of China’s dominance over rare earth magnet production.
I mean, they’re just a behemoth, vertically integrated, you know, partnerships. They’re miles ahead of us. If this was a race, you know, if this was a race, you know, we would just be leaving, you know, the start and they’re halfway through and we’re going to sprint and try to catch them.
Dustin Olsen (22:04.869)
Hopefully it’s a story of the tortoise and the hare. Slow and steady wins the race. Hopefully that’s the tale we get to tell. But yeah, so to that point, some interesting stats that came out of that article. Skynet produces approximately 240,000 tons of red earth permanent magnets, and that was just in 2023.
Daniel O’Connor (22:14.543)
I hope so. I hope so.
Dustin Olsen (22:32.765)
which represents 85 to 90 % of all global supply. So that’s huge to that amount being produced for the entire world. And we’ve said it before, but maybe we’ll just reiterate again, Where is magnets, permanent magnets, what are they used for and why are they so crucial? They go on our defense systems.
Daniel O’Connor (22:38.102)
Wow. Wow.
Daniel O’Connor (22:42.593)
Yeah.
Daniel O’Connor (22:50.625)
Yeah.
Dustin Olsen (23:00.893)
like military applications for our F-35 fighter jets, advanced missile technologies, and at the consumer level, your electric vehicle motors. Right?
Daniel O’Connor (23:05.216)
Yes. Yep.
Daniel O’Connor (23:13.314)
Yes, 100%. I mean, it’s, yeah, it’s, another piece of news I want to talk about. I want to give kudos out to NP materials. I mean, there’s always a little propaganda in news and this was a company, um, report, but NP materials is starting to produce, um, SCG plus or what is a high value rare earth. So remember only about 99, about 99 % of all.
Heavy rare earths are processed in China.
So that’s…
Dustin Olsen (23:48.071)
because we don’t have the capabilities yet.
Daniel O’Connor (23:51.328)
Yes. yes. materials just, you know, came up with a way to, you know, kind of maybe work that process and start developing heavy, I mean, there’s work to do, but it’s a start. So that’s good. Because again, you need to be able to have multiple sites in the United States and North America and with allies that are producing.
these items for sale for the market.
Dustin Olsen (24:24.125)
That’s awesome.
Daniel O’Connor (24:24.841)
And we’re, sorry, go ahead Dustin.
Dustin Olsen (24:27.613)
I’m saying what let’s for those who are unfamiliar with that, what is S E G plus?
Daniel O’Connor (24:35.905)
It’s it’s a rare, it’s, it is a heavy metal rare earths. That’s, you know, kind of, you know, the actual acronym, I’m not sure, but you know, we were involved with the article and it’s, it’s, it’s definitely, it’s a rare earth element, but I’m not sure exactly what it stands for. So.
Dustin Olsen (24:59.675)
Yeah. So it’s a high value feedstock consisting of concentrated form of heavy birth elements, specifically. Sumerium, europium, gadolinium, terribium, and dysphorosium. So that’s the S E. So it’s using the periodic table signifier, the names there. So it’s, that’s the S E G. And then the plus is the.
Daniel O’Connor (25:15.084)
Yeah.
Daniel O’Connor (25:24.073)
Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm.
Dustin Olsen (25:28.529)
the others that are into it. So yeah, it’s a concentrate of multiple rivers. So anyway.
Daniel O’Connor (25:35.541)
Right. Right.
So yeah, that’s a, but that is a piece of good news that came out today. So that’s really good actually. and there’s other news, but a lot of it is in China, there are the communist party that are meeting with these state-backed companies to make sure that they’re all aligned. So it’s clear that in China, the higher ups
are basically trickling down the strategies so that the companies follow. And we often see when we translate these news stories, often they’re talking about loyalty to the party, party discipline. It’s very serious over there. We all get on each other’s cases. One person’s a Democrat, the other’s a Republican.
You know, we’re nothing, okay? You know, we’re pretty mellow, okay? Compared to, you know, some of the things that, you know, we’re observing, you know, elsewhere. So I just, think that, yeah, another piece of news to be on the lookout for.
Dustin Olsen (26:41.309)
So.
Dustin Olsen (27:00.091)
Yeah. So a of interesting things are happening. A lot of things that we kind of foreshadowed over the last few months are starting to happen, right? From Chinese negotiations to downstream impacts with auto manufacturers. And I think it’s just to be the iceberg with some of that. Who knows the influence that others might have to maybe escape.
the initial impact, but we’re starting to see it. And yeah.
Daniel O’Connor (27:32.544)
We are dusting. We’ve been calling this out. And one thing that maybe the US government’s doing, we just don’t know yet, maybe they’re formulating a real industrial policy around critical minerals and rare earth elements. Because we’ve been calling that out for pretty much since we started this website several months ago. I see elements of that. I know that it’s on.
President Trump’s mind, I’ve been told that by people that know people that know him. I think, but everything we’ve been doing has been the right thing to do. It’s the truth. We’re just calling out the truth. Sometimes we sound a little alarmist, but that’s just the reality, Dustin. You know, we are in trouble. This latest export control that China implemented stopped production in Chicago of
Ford vehicles. So what does that tell you?
Dustin Olsen (28:36.316)
it tells us that this is a much bigger deal than anyone probably realized. And so yeah, so today, sure, it might sound a bit alarmist, like you said, but ignorance is not blessed in this situation, right? You can’t put your head in the sand and just hope that it’ll be fine, because I just don’t think it will be.
Daniel O’Connor (29:02.303)
I think you’re right. I mean, I think, yeah, I think you’re right.
Dustin Olsen (29:06.496)
And, and, if, honestly, if there’s one thing that I would maybe convey, and this is, would be to like the friends and family and other acquaintances that I have when I, start talking about this stuff is.
If you’re going to point the finger, which some people really like to do, is you got to point the right spot. You got to know where it’s coming from because it’s not just one person. It’s not the Trump administration on a bender, right? It’s a byproduct of decades of decisions that have been made, not only politically, but from the capitalistic ventures of businesses in our country, right?
Daniel O’Connor (29:50.738)
Absolutely.
Dustin Olsen (29:52.069)
So I think the more you’re aware, the more you can know where to point the finger and demand a fix should be made.
Daniel O’Connor (30:01.554)
Well, what we’re doing, Dustin, you know, we’re tracking the growth of the ex-China rare earth market, meaning whether it’s mining operations and the process that they go through permitting, what have you, the regulatory compliance to midstream, which is the separation, refining, the processing to the downstream, which includes magnets and other products.
tracking, it’s like a thousand points of light. We’re seeing different initiatives spring up around the country. So that’s good. And we report on it every day. What’s the biggest challenge though? Remember, as long as we’re taking a free market approach, in other words, hey, the market will take care of it. You know, we’ll give a few grants out from the government and you know, maybe we’ll have some support, but
No real industrial policy, no real subsidies, no real joint off-take agreements. The problem with that is that China is going to play us like a piano. They’re going to get all those mines up and running, and then they’re going to flood the market. They’ve done this before with cheap product and basically wipe all those folks out.
Dustin Olsen (31:03.164)
Thank
Dustin Olsen (31:21.476)
Yeah, I like that prediction, but I’m just going to be a little snarky and say let’s hope they’re learning to play the piano and do like a crummy job of playing chopsticks instead of a great Mozart piece or something.
Daniel O’Connor (31:30.782)
I think we need to be very mindful that it’s going to take more than what we’re doing today. Would you agree with that?
Dustin Olsen (31:44.189)
Oh yeah, it’s gonna take more. And I think with the general citizen waking up to parts of their lives that are being impacted by this, so downstream, right? I think we’ll start to see more involvement, more support, more interest, which will hopefully accelerate all the efforts that are going on.
You know, like interviews like we had with Buzz, Buzz Barsaw last week, you know, his efforts, like maybe it’ll happen faster because of what’s going on. But, so that’s the hope. And, but until then, here we are. We’ll just keep podcasting.
Daniel O’Connor (32:28.446)
We’ll keep podcasting my friends. anything else we need to cover for today?
Dustin Olsen (32:34.32)
Nope, I think that’s it. think we can wrap that up and.
Call it a winner. I, uh, so with that next week, we’re going to have a podcast interview with Ian Murphy. So be sure to tune in next week to, hear that conversation. And, and yes, again, like, and subscribe to the podcasts so you don’t miss anything.
Daniel O’Connor (33:03.645)
Definitely.
Dustin Olsen (33:05.596)
Cool, we’ll see you next week, Daniel.
Daniel O’Connor (33:07.165)
Thanks, Dustin. See you soon.
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