Netherlands

The Netherlands mines no rare earths, and USGS lists no Dutch production or reserves. Its connection to the supply chain runs through demand and policy.

On the demand side, the link is Stellantis, the carmaker incorporated in the Netherlands with its corporate seat in Amsterdam and principal executive offices in Hoofddorp. Stellantis lists rare earths among the raw materials it buys.

Its French subsidiary, Stellantis Auto SAS, signed a long-term supply agreement with Carester for neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium and terbium oxides, part of them recycled.

On policy, the Dutch government counts rare earths among its highly concentrated supply dependencies. Its national raw materials strategy notes that most rare earth elements come from China and commits the government to exploring the pros and cons of refining capacity in the Netherlands.

The question for the Netherlands is whether that review ever produces domestic processing, or whether the country stays a buyer and a policy voice.