Luxembourg

Luxembourg has no rare-earth mining, and USGS lists no production or reserves for it. Its role is as a base for companies that develop or trade rare earths elsewhere.

Frontier Rare Earths, incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, has its headquarters in Luxembourg City. Its project is Zandkopsdrift, a rare-earth and manganese deposit in South Africa's Northern Cape. Frontier plans to produce NdPr oxide and a mixed heavy rare-earth carbonate at the mine site with Carester's separation technology, and the carbonate is contracted for processing at Carester's Lacq facility in France.

Traxys, a physical commodity trader and merchant, is headquartered in Luxembourg, where Traxys S.à r.l. and Traxys Europe S.A. are based at Strassen. Traxys Europe signed a binding offtake agreement with Arafura Rare Earths for NdPr oxide from the Nolans Project in Australia, conditional on Nolans reaching commercial production. The group's U.S. arm, Traxys North America, is based in New York and runs its own rare-earth deals.

The open question is whether Luxembourg's role as a base for rare-earth developers and traders leads to any rare-earth activity inside the country.