China's CREIA reports a rare earth price index of 263.9, but dysprosium and terbium command massive premiums outside China due to export controls and
Element Profile
Yttrium
Element
- Symbol Y
- Atomic number 39
- Heavy rare earth element
About Yttrium
Yttrium is classed as a heavy rare earth by separation chemistry despite its low atomic number, and it is one of the highest-volume HREEs in use. Red phosphors for displays and LEDs, YAG laser crystals, yttria-stabilised zirconia thermal barrier coatings for jet engine turbine blades, and high-temperature superconductors all depend on it.
The thermal barrier coating application makes yttrium a defence and aerospace material, not merely an electronics input. Turbine blades cannot run at modern operating temperatures without it.
Supply risk is rated medium, but yttrium was among the metals most affected by Chinese export restrictions, with reported prices moving by orders of magnitude. Ionic clay deposits in southern China and Myanmar remain the dominant source.
Properties
Symbol
Y
Atomic number
39
Group
Heavy rare earth element
Density
4.47 g/cm³
Melting point
1526 °C
Boiling point
3336 °C
Crustal abundance
28-33 ppm
Supply Risk
Supply risk
Medium
Geological scarcity
Low
Primary economic driver
LEDs, lasers, and ceramics
Primary Uses
- Red phosphors for displays & LEDs
- YAG laser crystals
- High-temperature superconductors
- Advanced ceramics
Producing Projects
Companies
Found in Products
Recent Articles
Japan's JOGMEC and Toyota Tsusho earn 50% stake in Namibia's Lofdal heavy rare earth project, but financing and approvals still stand between the deal and
Aclara Resources completes $494M engineering study for Louisiana rare earth separation plant targeting 200 MT dysprosium oxide annually by late 2028.
China Rare Earth Industry Association visits 12 Ganzhou member companies, revealing a deep regional ecosystem of recycling, separation, and magnet
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are racing up the mineral value ladder as China, the U.S. and Europe compete for rare earths, tungsten and uranium
CREIA reports a 263.6 price index as terbium and dysprosium diverge, revealing two separate pricing systems emerging between China and Western markets.
China controls rare-earth processing that turns minerals into approved coatings for AI chips and defense. America's real gap isn't mining—it's qualified
Western rare earth projects advance as Arafura breaks ground and India builds mine-to-magnet corridors, but China still controls critical supply with U.S
Indonesia showcases critical minerals at ICMF 2026 during LME Week, but can it move beyond nickel to become a competitive rare earth producer?
Yttrium oxide trades at $8,700–$9,300/ton in China, while specialty ex-China deals exceed $1.2 million per ton equivalent, revealing a stark supply chain
China's Rare Earth Industry Association reports a 263.6 index as NdPr prices rise while terbium falls, revealing opaque pricing risks for Western buyers.
Malaysia's new export guidelines open a 100-ton R&D pathway for heavy rare earths, with DTEC already shipping dysprosium and terbium feedstock to U.S
China Rare Earth Group inspects Yunnan operations near Myanmar border, spotlighting the critical heavy rare earth supply corridor feeding China's
Aclara Resources expands Project Dynamo to six rare earths including yttrium, gadolinium and samarium, but financing and customers remain unresolved.
Washington is restricting COMAC's access to jet engine parts to counter China's rare earth leverage, but REEx modeling shows the two chokepoints are not equal.
Barkly Rare Earths hits rare-earth intercepts in 43 of 44 holes across 23km, but metallurgy and economics must prove out before any strategic deal materializes.
Greenland approves Tanbreez Mining Plans through 2050, but metallurgy, financing, and feasibility studies remain before Critical Metals Corp. reaches
RAND finds no single U.S. critical-minerals policy delivers fast security and domestic production. Stockpiling wins short-term; tax credits top industry
China's 2025 yttrium export restrictions sent prices up 4,400% and cut U.S. shipments 75%. Here's why this obscure rare earth threatens aerospace, chips
Senator Daines urges U.S.-China dialogue on rare earths, but diplomacy alone won't fix supply chain vulnerabilities. Here's what investors need to know.
Dysprosium hits $3,250/kg and terbium tops $12,000/kg ex-China as heavy rare earth prices split into two incompatible systems with extreme scarcity premiums.
Japan's 15-year critical minerals strategy reduced Chinese rare-earth dependence but still faces acute HREE vulnerabilities. Here's what the West must learn.
Lynas acquires Meteoric for A$968M, DFARS restrictions loom, and ex-China prices surge. REEx Structural Index rises to 5.8—transition, not independence.
Chinese researchers map how rare earth elements like Gd, Y, and Nd boost magnesium alloy strength and corrosion resistance for aerospace and automotive use.
AI's rise intensifies U.S.-China rivalry over rare earths, magnets, and critical materials as China controls 90% of refined magnet rare-earth output.
China Northern Rare Earth expands across metals, magnets, chip polishing, hydrogen storage and textiles, building a full rare-earth value chain ecosystem.
The U.S. has committed $7.6 billion to rare earth projects since 2025, but capital is outpacing capability—creating a dangerous Transition Vulnerability Window.
DTEC MMT is shipping Malaysian ion-adsorption clay carbonate rich in dysprosium, terbium and yttrium to U.S. separation facilities, building a new HREE
Western rare-earth deals now bundle price floors, take-or-pay offtake, and government financing to make new supply bankable. Here's how the model is evolving.
The Xi-Trump summit extended trade détente but left China's rare-earth export controls intact, keeping Western supply chains exposed to Beijing's
DFARS 2027 mandates domestic rare earth sourcing, yet Pea Ridge Mine in Missouri—with proven Dy and Tb reserves—remains unfunded by Washington.
Saudi Arabia's Wadi Rahjan monzogranite hosts REE-rich allanite and bastnäsite, but compelling mineralogy has yet to prove an economic deposit.
Rising Treasury yields above 5% are making U.S. rare-earth reindustrialization more expensive and more dependent on government risk-sharing tools.
Heavy rare earth geology is expanding beyond southern China, but separation capacity remains the critical bottleneck. Here's where the new frontiers stand.
Elon Musk praises China on state TV as Beijing's rare-earth chokepoints constrain U.S. industrial power. What investors must understand about Great Powers
FAMU-FSU researchers show magnetic fields can control dysprosium extraction speed, offering a new tool for separating notoriously similar rare-earth elements.
Chinese buyers judge ore by delivered value, not mine cost. REEx explains why grade, payability, separation location, and market access determine real
U.S. and Japan held talks on yttrium bottlenecks ahead of the Trump-Xi summit, exposing America's 100% import reliance on a metal critical to aerospace
Trump and Xi extended the US-China trade truce to January 10, 2027, but rare earth shortfalls, Taiwan, and AI rivalries remain dangerously unresolved.
Ferro-Alloy Resources signs MoU with Maglut for up to 1,000 tonnes of rare earth concentrate from its Kazakhstan vanadium project, with 99%+ purity in
Neo Performance Materials signs MOU for 40% of Phalaborwa NdPr and 65% of SEG+ output, advancing a non-Chinese rare earth supply chain into Europe.
China's CREIA index sits at 262.9, but North American dysprosium trades at 15× and terbium at 7.5× Chinese reference prices. Here's what that means.
China's rare earth price index hits 263.4, but the real crisis is Western access to exotic heavies like holmium, erbium, and lutetium beyond Dy and Tb.
Argentine researchers developed a low-cost filter-paper fluorescence method to detect samarium in water and sediment down to 0.39 ng/L, offering a
A CFR analyst proposes allied tariffs and stockpiling to counter China's critical mineral leverage, but REEx argues the West must build full industrial
China's rare earth index holds at 262.3, but dysprosium and terbium prices outside China run 5–15x higher, revealing a fractured two-tier global market.
China Northern Rare Earth expands Dy-Tb separation and full-spectrum processing, widening its lead over Western rivals in critical rare earth supply chains.
Critical Metals Corp. claims >99% eudialyte dissolution at Tanbreez, but commercial separation and a $2.2B refinery remain unproven. Here's what investors